Understanding the Causes of Lithium Battery Fires
As the popularity of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) continues to rise, particularly in renewable energy systems like solar energy storage, so does the associated risk of fires. While these batteries are celebrated for their energy density and efficiency, they also present significant hazards, including the potential for fire and explosion. Recent reports indicate that there have been four significant lithium battery fires since June 2023, resulting in damages exceeding R45 million. Understanding the causes of these fires is essential for mitigating risks and ensuring safety.
Common Causes of Lithium Battery Fires
Several factors can lead to lithium battery fires and recognising them is essential for prevention. These include:
- 1. Incorrect Installation
One of the most significant risks stems from improper installation. With the surge in demand for alternative energy solutions, many systems are being installed by unqualified individuals. Proper installation by a qualified electrician is crucial, as it ensures compliance with relevant legislation and manufacturer guidelines. Common installation errors, such as insufficient spacing between inverters and batteries or inadequate wiring, can lead to overheating and, ultimately, fire.
- 2. Thermal Runaway
Thermal runaway is a critical failure mode for lithium batteries. This phenomenon occurs when an increase in temperature causes a chain reaction within the battery, leading to rapid overheating and pressure build-up. Several triggers for thermal runaway include:
- Internal Short Circuits: Physical damage or manufacturing defects can cause shorts within the battery cells.
- Overcharging and Over-Discharging: Exceeding the manufacturer’s recommended charging or discharging rates can create dangerous conditions.
- External Heat Sources: Batteries exposed to high ambient temperatures, or positioned near heat-generating devices are at higher risk.
- Age and Wear: Over time, batteries degrade, increasing the likelihood of failure.
- 3. Physical Damage and Abuse Physical impacts, such as dropping, crushing, or piercing a battery, can compromise its integrity, leading to short circuits and potential fires. Regular inspections and maintenance can help identify and mitigate these risks.
- 4. Manufacturing Defects Contamination during the manufacturing process or inherent defects in battery cells can lead to failures. Batteries sourced from reputable manufacturers can reduce the risk of such issues.
- 5. Non-Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Disposable lithium batteries, while often overlooked, can also pose significant fire risks. These batteries can emit molten flammable metals and toxic gases during a fire. It's essential to treat any fire involving lithium batteries with caution.
Safety Recommendations
To reduce the risk of lithium battery fires, consider the following best practices:
- Regular Inspections: Schedule routine checks to ensure all components are functioning correctly and safely. This includes checking for loose connections or signs of wear and tear.
- Adhere to Manufacturer Guidelines: Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation and usage. This includes maintaining appropriate spacing and using the correct wiring and fuses.
- Educate Tenants and Users: If you are a landlord or business owner, ensure that tenants and employees are aware of the potential dangers associated with lithium batteries and the necessary safety protocols.
- Avoid Combustible Materials: Store no combustible materials within two metres of any inverter or battery system to minimise fire risk.
With the growing reliance on lithium-ion batteries in various applications, understanding the potential risks associated with these energy-dense systems is essential. The causes of lithium battery fires, including incorrect installation, thermal runaway, and physical damage, underscore the importance of adhering to safety protocols and guidelines.
Regular inspections, proper installation by qualified professionals, as well as awareness of safe storage practices can significantly reduce the likelihood of fire incidents. By prioritising safety and education, individuals and businesses can enjoy the benefits of lithium battery technology while minimising associated risks.
Stay vigilant, stay informed, and ensure that your energy solutions are as safe as they are efficient.
De Wet DeVilliers Brokers is an authorised financial services provider (FSP number: 21850).
